HWP Document File V3.00 7R":'NN'' Every handbook on KoreaG)ccccEvery handbook on Korea notes on the first page that KoeЂbe Sem Vermeersch2004e 1 28 a, 14 26[u1v]ouCl3`c8U[<p%DjRi4YJ\W}Q4zޛ9T `:]J=}oNy>7O̼7r/ڂmx{aHiyz#oTQq)鈙S|T_sWJ7t放&oKk_Li])]mOI>ڔҹ-))4z6)]bJ_N_MnoJ'S:jKik)mM s3'Z4>>}`M WS.y{ЖxECgWen[Vg$jrIWsn7/3Kno,nw탋;wR$;Uqz)뵚_;uqꓷOjR--;qǦ.:o:SN:n:jt~Q{3c0 -fgbgMC}liΙ:=;gg)v~?OG @}zA>k!&-oW?断 oWWam5__o{3r{zϞ~Bʟ]6GFg[n]c2 9wgiUU)mnzwbV'='ֽUZ NklunV/֮v#cV?k@W΋k :~V]]msZb/]J}z*Ni*Kt 4҄9dLغlW>nogܠ҈횶oi|[t{ ǰer٧al^<7I"dWў?:l,l(xF^fDg7R~g<6ooi)Α@hU(xg`IU 杖oE:r# e\ֈPê~;HnR;`a鑢^S/M=^>6W59:)wwW@xN#o ?z'NE#lpHzִmﰝTB|,:8U\{<r Ve J@@EUE QmQUK8a+["L\j,N9v:[ޜ՞ZEV*ծդ^E_{t۵t;zNޮ`'ut…VzF;{UDdFAaT;Gr<}mUmL[Ӧ]cxy; 'm}t^0i;1(j[SEmg+ΩYxšqO;tI#r:*^,D% ="@-qQ%Q!kգ^Kpz92tc7mcQ ״L\{yν"r2#Қʣd"K G+K1nE;>AGYE4uF:E\[b癋.#e FQnj \] S3"l߀sx蜰HIcELF1%{e'Èaj(NKY|kF"=&+qQhՊyr瞋ys.]5CNVBY%b9EzB27NP@RbMUry<)zrW+ojxU|Yykp`UPYLJ9Ny@N~O3̦;EI}KtT#R|'hgJߣ@UhLjR1'<EF;)Hۈ2,wT@̹y'2^_"YvO YZOW֖i!SVϥe@?lSkutwBmWL_Cݧ(4%U=希 4vVVӄ"ДŌnDD˕}Fy<'SȾcrj~Vb?vX߀0'  uXCM\ ٞnv#΂(J_Q'evQD!@Pd)j<5+(;n)oKl@F6J/ۣ1^^'NwN9Ps*&74n"-L;tt ff>v Zg\WِDܥ\bs)]&eQbwmU5Q>>8+m'3CVKjSO#Na[šk;MEh!,LtΡy5v+ VН1Nh4MQY 3e~ >76Vxľ]MUg$EWʍ8jÏ\ 5v7N Z t׈B t+?RFM@[h圹91XfȘ]ʊN>SP`8.g[LYG J&9ԙלDjm {?, *`]rw.c7+AtPR0bJPeSU^3/ڐ-H{}~;خCoS~#HSj}1{L/ۗ6UԷ&M.7| ,ɋz>M/nZ9ުbY &XL}93ЭZ}hE;Vj[Mަ՟t}Wi]_Daݮ%[QXwhmӌ_,Eݥc6ƙ v;Zz$k(I@X, OQ7r9J/ڤQ>X [ةY[@dS7kG=ZP]!74kIыlt-V GLxK* 1foSDff^VZYjJE͉g8 S c}U+uNh}si6͹-Txj[Q :쓬ť;W |IqGGdO$,K~YditPB\}~?SM5vb?-17:( 6MOvUVA(wfSdGP(Y& t FI NlmFyx]]/T)=,ocrlڧʥ4Drk Ԓ#sX9 Q;D.j {71z@hI@;=/ՈPq v,ML/G xR{{%GFST 4"lG op\ElX9H#ձ" _4*8=8\JSNMbW:A>;v[eV"&~u.l/ZHF%Thn]̨݁ADoVxqaNB?fa'eD`WjCiU!PZJ"Rc6c=d?.+4EyB#"N8F"芅a;V1wDN _D^k4& *"k<Q5k:%#L\,0 a! UFI,妨daK+칂cd\n⸎bM*lUT|jTlD,8d%Wkoϧ $81ԗj$wEA,:Wh`HʪGf;׈jC6k^Γ|=Py9*krWZZ J\OUiQݹb[7r,ޤ^քʼ"'GlOm0XZ(07h1 ͙9U>g/X#UTO nB 7mp':Aq[\ڲv+4fr?vLXGa8 e3`z/͇^I*NȵJ]I#d꧑MQ:&o3:FRקCy6Q՜w T龇+MQ]藒Q~./M|' c2ľ>;Se3!x»z_H#6i ȡ&@Rןϟ[? 62'ȜuS*@ˤi ZAۗʠhxIJoOݽȧ.,SԞC\_80+VE>:=FaB e^AY\^On\pYN dF[-VթypV֮[z[YՒ[}RWkm5yV^_E:/]]lոC3V%&1*x$6Q 4>J2RELD1-Ӡy1BAPQUBcTXl{neF @0mk,NV;xdm0ȂGO>π}*яeU2D :P+EDVaE <&CBso9#=ek4bo4iVY`ƦC8}\UԻ}1eUژ6FT,H{lvLV%O6ERԌ(OD#eaL1#Eڣ9YE1Kgy4x_ُUtex;[ݯʋ [%7>DIt|F`5Y+`#y]Ll)ݞ_uDj:yOH 5|/}{Ysae2M,T(^trN;ܤ"01jeqW~ka -<܏3?;b@t̆?E諝삝7U  b -H|OO1 7bMϙ|cy*Z&NۘJ fQĂrj.6"˹/ǷRXڕs6T/#biґ+F_)cJ"j7Z-\_ԈGKW. v{cKw^>OrVz$ 023L$A"CIFE¶-ll\q$0,4h4ȫr&ev* ;VI**UO% ڤ&yneo{9y|Uێ9ǽCNMpeW;C^qSoeu+nѡ=mV >]6ɝ\d;w۟;sWwLr;~ zv=j~'Σ{{) SQx螜tdp xI0gIL /72$Z7?>g/ɮ&L s d 3;}Q;ю|VT`t9w3iUAV| ۠}dqLVB9oz1Yumq :A<h$+I "Y Am[ Rwa߅3bٗxT5lf8FuAlnB n?jx O~#˹::Qy("Ճ=*=Pǫke@xɼGdy[a=JēŷZt'N8|2j{ C9zp`N)<`WLցnFԉ7Rc>lk\׵q}xn^~x}6DžX94᜔ߛo' [_+tuDLrz=.5`,4'BW(۲Uu:S^:'8qXˮR ۵xJP1xWjAVBM.w^2(?!Y{X=;y{|3긭gK|aV^X%W'÷9܇Za^VN+ߵP1GK1p[BϴG} ы7bYA1JvlU,z3.fjR'w _:T$pwz;\HTj ׂ )s=]Us?ժbBGNR+ w:Õ3qLܑ[t1ID_/53BjԳ̱Ӯ~:9vտOg\c!.3=nU<\i}Zz; Y\ >"*g c@|t3K fړAz]kh?']/0osJޜ]$'t>I_W^{I_į+!rD2\ϳ%Km&}{؇l=yue 8ፖ}3_1J}Qed2 ӷS"9wf Y<]nB{d/uC\:rGyr(-ktyn^~p][fNw'>Ց\_yՏz77{է]:qaWBnXIY /?+ؗ-KYWn9PSN=VZG@^{O}dmғ;¥;e;y86C&QI${O0SFd8ؕ*Ogס>b :>3h+}σ,thgU, O'Kv5%^Voow͝ծ|"J!0W; ԗY݉9xYylLg48%l ʙ Kӝ;' ؉f^A<]ԓV9z _Ds?JÕ2>y9gnbV:V0TY]!9,̑*FqxbW2w3Nly~>+ jh_V\E\6SqWΝpu6~`FjlgsuL2q,=:z3t7e8+?_N/F+_̨-zc[w;$-{z4NЇrVGQ聭)u\=@Vyϟ fs L|)\ݍVuv5WcBϩL^7ݗngT:6w$ĎR 'Rއ>~8@l`]H;&!gpUW@GscG<h&T`5`N9w[eP8:#&0a?oFkXQXK1cl޻kS]`{b[PNDN{qrrjW,t_J3 o܁6cZ=腺.E~B|3L9iooU!nulB(LK烃y12I JOrG"j.DBd\KkY 9/t dl3ok~'.F~W)OMeqNfԘz_~h!s^GAZzJ/yƳnU<? 3ϳc@QźW\qSz.&6jAVV] 0*u̻y΃k-q0k0Ls 3:|Iu lM#|则1+F/5Sͅ|MjJ~bV}EWcBj^pۂ/Gz71W}նOΝp59f4[m3~r󉋁,Z˭FQ3wBT輛';̨3.o> Ӄ*HHh9rZ@/']dzf-o4F^OĖsi&GO>Ap*l;U~8Fy^F?y]F}`rXs6(GD's@}߬^OV ͖LsuR8QgYz[gw$ٽUI([}$Y;\3r[\m9r{vIu`dyf6a D@؇N|`̪_bfD>.A[ڟz*&rR[t}+SX+-cOo"%q23qr5Rqmn` 3\p[.y3bCQV^tJ99ѿQNR vM'scU]{k㇓`bҭ 4A@Eo)=2fy#mR˸#۝GtEj9/R?>[ ;f~{;cvttZ/w4Oqa{~W-˽^ఢS}{jЫ(2rRvNVnk,\}5?ykN'1= !!O7@f]7Odc^Nbt;<FV9A&啇voyor:TaeDܗnڜ .#x3]w7&rHFYEY)~dZ晵tv7chK|:~doJW3]aIq%WBVkd6ӼY9%duқ7ZdN7f<[dZ{MXUE%NГw]. ~}8}W !q9 "{Z?g=ZhJH(Bx0}aH=Tyb4}䟎~=,جRs0EfLn~1T?nVyTp#؉j v V[x+N|+Fq]a"5%TA& AaHK-^}kh'I2N슄cKmBP3h\,] ,6sYI$%߉[߾)|^ɹvD$VS· s:"p,|cyx y6{Z',w13f~gVVKHKv5$_Nd7Vr:[rsE}#¨A|#6m|X\~9ki,4Yt#*YV$G_d/fk $F_2JqO?Z̦i&H^ fKCƭfA0 '{Fe8_9xA 9([WMe٪Ρ2{xFUT%dw+ԢR+{jZM;/3凭zӾN2co1̸߆NGnze`S keM|77P4#Ru-`+m$+}7:~0zb8Y}5:S"2A Y-#"ICM %M~O 9#&CHIUgq7~ÝAn`Xxe@kxa%x~>徸}0ܬy voWqjG\zּWpj/]QWۧ`\*X3o='9^w,©tPfƳ!c.u:6W[TĂ=53}Kq$WzfW eqZZkْ^;c`szZS.׃7/_Oq>pNRd{GnM}orlrgX܊:Pa}t|jSOzDotg R`$n r7 nttYXU步B̌yr_շ= c?JYnԖỷ)*^ɬk #UXT;svg}9kzz?XL^U]"M9IWzcJ7oǵ#|6BgD]jt T*|/n1u󙡂aޜIk)GK1.J2,? 0߼NqoQӫr~bX` \=z)鳚<90|̫?ptfI<5,-D4s ~46۔|mA27s|v(ԿvwlM}puzW Q4,p9=nՃUkMmtET9׽|V"u8B5ʌbn gj!v('Ο`DA8<#YưOm;.~p/ tv_w=NS7ӿ\%rn+QrLCsw9DF2_yz}(^q(,߁'n(ZH{c*}7g\]@JfNG=1=;gCf#v> 5n?@|WY,1B3= gpz!zesKUuí[)QOSyTAiwas|s q?LR٘!U{qw |Zg"so18<{Q,sw"B޹٘S/g=>'W߫&~=y3M^ɛt]nWTZx(Q>3h@u$ͷ4v0Ƃ{Zʗ o["'23gr;wrEqߨ4Wu~`%KYO(+ZC+)νϜȖraM}],fܭ>OWd0k;+VR|w.UeD+ҬE!"sX`.3w11π!0sc1HD}P`ɏS͝}\L>PA${f2x^'j}MхVm^@\ʷNK .2C性AY/g2I>T_:r6kh<rĻD ,7W#>KUڙavS t.@p0J\yTdKa͔a> _|,6X_'}WąM=̭JFDj[ _̝ aCeNr)NW鴉21]Mfi>sLs ׫_N>.d^.e S_bz]??jK ~W:]Cg ?R3/^1W7 ?j~zK3yy0ldžfu{?w#\fgk 7n4/'X^P堮*)ctH=-WajGh wUݻ9ڇ絘&W|9ȧ0F痌+^he M 5#[{~"NViVm9O,O&'-ĉQA馶*!gӭŠÕ-&|lp9DLfJm{pmonq+T c6+aHl*DN&)@sC L"+8YJۍqzc{P1k}Є2҉ pG+o{jÿf+Vc}#ک`17vWnCt:&xCx]mw9Gd6o}p [=ƅ³ X޼;gc@$r3LIrHV>_ ]e}#n{46#EDJ<؃/؈V~Fr 3^8WhψG]ܣ52RC{-ml*逝#l+xsUqO&/MĬen 1>S1vIy1Z{ ȠZa[4WrP .NӖ?t5gLJIJȝ'}'kO:QCA+9hLglƒҵL쁭9ިjz{L>1~!N|ΌSn~9nڍӮ>H[ϸc:sζ9WFZ&ޠtG]ϻġP?,zuEWa,(nq2;3}f2z֯kc#yXngӷR uPjdYG'@D ؃xj)RݧET^o6JzJ B\;X.`>}K^x ÎkvĽ~g"s:V#5]lV R;#"/u,WsgDVd5"тhTrlyGG^Փuψ-B͉0)ox TB OgJ.%BHz#F)n&c'tMcch)Rgp##qsK-X*b.e&Mc4(sQ2N bl&d>jh}? J{\˛%PKNm/R2 ]lvhWW@Ϫ=iu-jW}oM3d%-*(HOgUA_cajK6rKļ+1e/69хcr>QtְY yVa7|̝f#/h_dJij֐نr8VwPAvϪ3u-kZ|&y+,„Ӹd>Y8POS闵RInr;a#6v`Hm\5(![xn!Wㆻ_@ܩ߯o_֞GfWō}Y|c49PFJNv@D 1x=2BgP`Ld:\oz99Uh[-X1J2{~006_3}շ؊ sI;$_{͕ E7ri"l|&bdXsXdb.;!6&#ƥZ& e}!74TޜV΄t9WRw6⾘)1JD2XN՟g)N0RlvմGJXmʅ)]ϧpRO#m!/^$y*[ `z'cLJxCr/o'Ҩ$|>+@ BxZ{oc4f{r5-Z&ɇ&H"p(8҈|Si[4g{٢E3 렀o# @<0pO;S)ۇsiVYx1NIҮ kNQ]^WNňv wh,rm70=x(%H'*Nn0st##T(g9 ntƛ'l;T`XiUO=SNDK6VzFFL:v.ǯpqIfN ޫOl6 dc:w4IL'9,WX0##"GTg2'.CfSϔ˼q8X~CA *b+ג¼tq# WMWFҙlu|v:q#\=4Ľw =S(9yӰŻmV|Χq×JDD GƓ2Ԍqr826c-jɌ`Qw.U_Tp T^t5w3}˓`ENhsJ{_ԑ_iFw@;83_bDq/k60 9CUU\"GsmZ~4Nu;oq&UZMv:ouK*;_3s2'hILNmT?|r%q^jM ]q=k9O=bM1N ?1R^b࿚xĖ;3>Ց]L~|{̟{\0~ug|y}UpFp6}/o2O{Ȥ2~55)ٗK Mf&8>~r~؜|I]T-#T cHFfrks^1;35XsySn/Jevx7g鬗gu7l=y>J|V9Mswnr9w`޲p>Gq22'lpK)D[r8B6ʾy`Ďx\%^y&s\C=pkljWԞ/-ɘEx ;VMFE,=g.YgNAwT g}L4[Ihb?8hNvjp369oY=qmkr_n:z+uleSUchX{}^Z6*W_;nM|3՘2ެ;GQlNBMN6(tPJʦ @ ` @@ @@@`@@@@`` `@`````` @` @` @` @`@@ @@@`@@@@@ @ @ @@ `@ @ @ @ @@@@ @@@@@`@@@@@@@@@`@` @`@@``@`@`@`@`@@ @@@`@@@@@@ @@@`@@@@@@ @@@`@@@@@@ @@@`@@@@ @` @ ` @@ @@@`@@@@`` `@`````` @` @` @` @` @` @ ` @@ @@@`@@@@`` `@`````` @` @` @`4Every handbook on Korea notes on the first page that Koreans are a homogeneous people. Homogeneity is obviously seen as something rare and precious, an identifying mark that singles Korea out from the nations of the world. Identity is a crucial concern in Korea, perhaps inevitably so against the background of Japanese oppression in the first half of this century. While Japan struggled to annihilate a Korean identity separate from that of Imperial Japan, Korea struggled to preserve a clear national identity. The result was a preoccupation with things identified with "Koreanness" and a certain willingness to mythologize to achieve a specific goal as evidenced by the claim to a racial homogeneity that takes no account of Mongolian, Chinese and Japanese intrusions in Korean bloodlines, not to speak of the gene input of Hendrik Hamel's red-haired Dutch crew. The supreme example of myth in action, however, is the shijo. In the 1920s, Ch'oe Nam-son saw the inherent possibilities of the classical shijo as a vehicle of national consciousness. With his colleagues, he created an elaborate literary form with complex rules of rhyme, syllable and breath count. Shijo was the "breath and soul of the people" The shijo as literary text was born with such great success that within a generation everyone believed that the shijo had always been thus. The situation today is so muddled that while no one seems to really know what the shijo originally was, the schools continue to present it in the terms invented by Ch'oe Nam-son and his colleagues. One of the few things that can be said with absolute certainty about the classical shijo is that it was not the "breath and soul of the people." The kagok-ch'ang to which shijo was performed was much too complex and demanded far too many players for the shijo to be characterized as a broadly popular form. In addition, Chinese was the language of literature, and shijo were written in onmun, or vulgar language. The shijo movement is one example of a mythologizing process, which very often carries the overt nationalistic tones, so prevalent in 20th-century Korea, that tend to get under the skin of "sensitive" foreigners, leading to their cries of xenophobia and exclusiveness. The drive to discover or create the "uniquely Korean" is at the center of this process. `